Recognising a Heart Attack — Why Every Minute Counts

What is a heart attack?

A heart attack happens when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is suddenly blocked, usually by a clot in a narrowed coronary artery. Starved of oxygen, that area of muscle begins to die within minutes.

The longer the blockage lasts, the more heart muscle is lost — which is why doctors say “time is muscle”. Rapid treatment can open the artery and limit the damage.

Warning signs to never ignore

Symptoms vary, and in women, older adults and people with diabetes they can be subtle or unusual.

• Chest pain, pressure, tightness or a heavy squeezing feeling
• Pain spreading to the arm, shoulder, jaw, neck or back
• Shortness of breath, with or without chest discomfort
• Cold sweat, nausea, dizziness or sudden extreme fatigue

Who is at higher risk?

Several factors raise the risk over time. Many can be controlled with lifestyle changes and treatment.

• Smoking and tobacco use
• High blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol
• Family history of heart disease
• Obesity, physical inactivity and chronic stress

How it is diagnosed and treated

On arrival, an ECG and a blood test for cardiac enzymes (troponin) help confirm a heart attack quickly. An angiography then shows exactly where the artery is blocked.

The blocked vessel is often reopened with angioplasty — a tiny balloon and stent restore blood flow. In some cases, clot-dissolving medicines or bypass surgery are used. Early treatment gives the best outcome.

Recovery and prevention

After treatment, medicines, a heart-healthy diet, regular activity and quitting tobacco protect the heart. A structured cardiac rehabilitation programme helps you rebuild strength safely.

Regular check-ups keep blood pressure, sugar and cholesterol in a safe range and lower the chance of another event.